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1986-01-15
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CHAPTER 6 - PRINTING
PRINT COMMAND
Edit Search >Print< Files Utilities Quit
Print Form Sheet Direct Codes Hardware Top
Press [P] in response to the Main Menu to issue any of the following
commands:
Print: Print a group of records.
Form: Specify the format for printing records.
Sheet: Specify page length and margins.
Specify whether each record is printed on a separate page.
Specify whether the program pauses before printing a new
page.
Direct: Send text or codes directly to the printer.
Codes: Specify the printer codes for underline and bold.
Hardware: Select the printer port and specify whether a carriage
return and new line feed are to sent to the printer
at the end of each line.
Top: Set the printer to the top of a page.
57
3by5
PRINT COMMAND: PRINT MENU
>Print< Form Sheet Direct Codes Hardware Top
Print records from a file
The Print Menu's Print Command is used to print a group of records to a
printer. The records are printed by record number and may be sorted
alphabetically (3by5 and 3by5 Plus). To print a group of records by a
search key, use the Search Command.
Press [P] to print. If more than one file is open, the program will
ask you to select the file for printing. It will the display the
following message:
From file FILENAME print records:
Records in file: zzzzz
The number of records in the file will be displayed. Type the starting
record number and press <Enter>. Then type the ending record number
and press <Enter>.
The program will then ask you:
From file FILENAME print records:
Sort records? (Y/N)
If you press [N], the program will start printing the records in
numerical sequence.
If you pressed [Y] to sort the records, the program will begin to sort
the records by the first line of text if there are no fields in the
file. Otherwise, the program will display the names of the fields and
ask for primary and secondary sort fields. If you want to sort by one
field alone, just press <Enter> in response to the secondary field
prompt.
With the 3by5 Starter Kit you may sort only the first 20 records of a
file.
Aborting printing: To abort a printing session, press <Esc>.
58
PRINTING
FORM COMMAND
Print >Form< Sheet Direct Codes Hardware Top
Select print format
This command is used to specify a format for printing records. Formats
for printing records are stored standard 3by5 file records and are
called PRINT FORMS. In response to the Print Command, press [F] for
the Form Command. The program will ask you for the number of the file
that contains the print form:
File:
Enter number of file with print form. 0 = standard listing
Type the file number. The program will then ask for the number of
the record that contains the print form you want to use. Type the
record number and press <Enter>. The print form will be loaded into
memory and any records printed will be printed in the format specified
by that record.
If you want to reset the program to the standard format for printing,
type [0] <Enter>.
59
3by5
STANDARD FORM
The standard print format is to print one record after another. The
record number is printed before the record, all fields are included and
the record is followed by a blank line. There is a six line top margin
with the name of the file on the second line and a six line bottom
margin. For example:
---------------------------------------------------------------
REF.3x5
22
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
23
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
24
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Many other formats are possible. The formats are stored in standard
3by5 files as PRINT FORMS. Your 3by5 master diskette has a file
FORM.3X5 with sample print forms. The forms will be reviewed as an
introduction to printing with 3by5. Once you load a print form into
memory, you may close the file that contained the print form.
60
PRINTING
Print forms define the way in which text will be printed. Any text in
the form will be printed. The "@" symbol is used as an instruction for
printing specific information (e.g. fields, field names, file names,
etc.)
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 1
@A<
Record one of FORM.3X5 contains the simplest print form. It is designed
for printing from a file with no fields or at most one field (e.g. file
REF.3X5).
The "@A" on the first line indicates that the contents of field A will
be printed. The field letter must be in upper case for the contents to
be printed. IN THIS CASE FILE REF.3X5 HAS NO FIELDS AND THE ENTIRE
RECORD IS CONSIDERED TO BE FIELD A.
The "<" symbol indicates the carriage return mark that result from
pressing the <Enter> key.
If a field is longer than one line, the following lines of print will
be adjusted downward.
This print form will result in one record being printed after another.
Assuming that the Sheet Command settings are unchanged, there will be a
top margin of six blank lines and a bottom margin of six blank lines.
No spaces will be printed between records.
The results of using this FORM with file REF.3x5 are shown on the next
page.
61
3by5
---------------------------------------------------------------
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983.
// //
---------------------------------------------------------------
Note that there is a standard top margin of 6 lines and a standard
bottom margin of 6 lines. Since no headers or footers were defined,
there is no text in either the top or bottom margins.
62
PRINTING
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 2 (Blank lines between records)
@A<
<
Record two of FORM.3X5 contains a record format that is very similar to
record one of FORM.3X5. The only difference is that there is a
carriage return on line two. This will result in a blank line being
printed after each record.
The results of using this FORM with file REF.3x5 would be:
---------------------------------------------------------------
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983.
// //
---------------------------------------------------------------
In this case the blank line with a carriage return in the form record
causes a blank line to be printed between records. If there were two
blank lines in the print form record, there would be two blank lines
between records in the printout.
63
3by5
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 3 (Record numbers)
RECORD NUMBER: @#
@A<
<
Record three of FORM.3X5 contains a record format that is very similar
to record two of FORM.3X5. The only difference is that the first line
contains the text "RECORD NUMBER:" and is followed by the symbol
"@#". The text "RECORD NUMBER:" will be printed on the line before
each reference and will be followed by the number of the record. The
"@#" symbol can appear anywhere on a print form (except the header or
footer).
The results of using this FORM with file REF.3x5 would be:
---------------------------------------------------------------
RECORD NUMBER: 22
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
RECORD NUMBER: 23
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
RECORD NUMBER: 24
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983
// //
---------------------------------------------------------------
64
PRINTING
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 4 (Headers)
@.<
@.REFERENCES FROM FILE: @*<
@.<
@.<
@.<
@.<
REC# @#<
@A<
------------------------<
Record four of FORM.3X5 contains a record format that is similar
to record three of FORM.3X5. The differences are:
Six header lines have be added. The symbol "@." at the start of a
line indicates a header or footer. If the "@." symbol is at the top of
a print form, it indicates a header. If it is at the bottom of a print
form, it indicates a footer.
The second line of the print form is a header line. It contains the
text :REFERENCES FROM FILE:", followed by the symbol "@*". The symbol
"@*" indicates that the name of the file being printed should be
included at that location.
Line nine of the print form has a dashed line. It will separate
records.
The results of using this FORM with file REF.3x5 are shown on the next
page.
65
3by5
---------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES FROM FILE: REF.3X5
REC# 22
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
---------------
REC# 23
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
---------------
REC# 24
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983.
---------------
// //
---------------------------------------------------------------
A header may contain any text you want to print. It is not necessary
to include all the lines of a header. If you do not specify the text
for a header line, it will be printed as a blank line.
66
PRINTING
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 5 (Headers and Footers)
@.<
@.REFERENCES FROM FILE: @*<
@.<
@.<
@.<
@.<
@* REC# @#
@A<
------------------------
@.
@.*****************************************
Record five of FORM.3X5 contains a record format that is similar
to record four of FORM.3X5. The first two footer lines have been
defined: the first footer line is blank and the second contains a row
of asterisks.
The results of using this print form with file REF.3x5 are shown on the
next page.
67
3by5
---------------------------------------------------------------
REFERENCES FROM FILE: REF.3X5
REF.3X5 REC# 22
Knuth, D.E.: The Art of Computer Programing. Vol 3. Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1973.
---------------
REF.3X5 REC# 23
Harrison, M.C.: Implementation of the Substring Test by Hash-
ing. CACM 14:777-779, 1971.
---------------
REF.3X5 REC# 24
Trojak, J.E.: Finding the Search Solution: Signature Screening.
80 Micro p. 100, December, 1983.
---------------
// //
***************************************************************
---------------------------------------------------------------
As with a header, it is necessary to only define those lines of a
footer that you want to contain text (or other characters such as the
asterisks above).
Note that in the above example, the file name and record number are
printed before each record. It is shown just to demonstrate that a
file name can be placed anywhere within a record and anywhere on a
page. The record number was intentionally moved to the right side of
the page.
68
PRINTING
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 6 (Multiple Fields)
@.<
@.@*<
@.<
@.<
@.<
@.<
@a @A REC# @#<
@b @B<
@c @C<
<
@d @D<
<
Record 6 of FORMS.3X5 is designed for use with file ADDRESS.3X5 of your
3by5 master diskette. ADDRESS.3X5 has four fields:
A: Name field
B: Address field (street, city, state, zip, etc.)
C: Phone number(s)
D: Comments
In this example the name of the file will be printed in the second line
of the top margin.
The "@a" symbol indicates that the name of the A field should be
printed, while the "@A" symbol indicates that the contents of the A
field should be printed. If the "@" symbol is followed by a lower case
letter, the name of a field is printed; if it is followed by an upper
case letter, the contents of the field are printed.
The single carriage return on line 10 causes a blank line to be printed
between the telephone field and the comments field.
If a field contains several lines, the following lines of print will be
adjusted downward.
69
3by5
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 7 (Mailing labels)
@A<
@B
Record 7 of FORMS.3X5 is designed for use with file ADDRESS.3X5 of your
3by5 master diskette. It will print mailing labels containing the name
and address fields. As note in Example 6, ADDRESS.3X5 has four
fields:
A: Name field
B: Address field (street, city, state, zip, etc.)
C: Phone number(s)
D: Comments
IN THIS EXAMPLE IT IS NECESSARY TO ALSO USE THE SHEET COMMAND TO SET
THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:
Page length = 6 (assumes five lines per label and one in between)
Top Margin = 0
Bottom Margin = 0
Form = Y
The left and right margins and pause command can be set as needed.
The above settings will eliminate the printing of a header or footer
(top and bottom margins = 0). Each label will be treated as a page
(Form = Y). See page 72 for information on using the Sheet Command.
The format of the record is simple. On line one the name of the person
in field A will be printed. On line two, the address will begin. It
may be up to 5 lines long. One record is printed per page (label)
since the Form Command was set to "Y".
70
PRINTING
PRINT FORM: EXAMPLE 8 (Sheet Command line)
@$ 6 10 80 0 0 Y N<
TO: @A<
@B
Record 8 of FORMS.3X5 is similar to record 7 and will print mailing
labels from file ADDRESS.3X5. The major difference is that it contains
a Sheet Command line.
This line defines the page length, left and right margins, top and
bottom margins, Form Parameter and Pause Parameter.
The Sheet Command line must be the first line of a print form and it
must begin with a "@$" symbol. The values entered are:
Page length
Left margin
Right margin
Top margin
Bottom margin
Form Parameter
Pause Parameter
All values must be entered in the above order. One or more spaces
separate each value.
71
3by5
APPENDING FIELDS
Sometimes you may want to append several fields together. For example,
you may have a file with the following fields:
A Last name
B First name
C Street address
D City
E State
F ZIP Code
You can append the last name and first name fields together to get one
name. Similarly the City, State and Zip Code fields can be appended.
The rule for appending fields is as follows:
After the initial "@" symbol, there is a field letter. This is
followed immediately by another "@" which may be followed by a
character to be printed or by another field name.
For example:
@B@ @A will print the first name, a space, and the
last name.
@D@ @E@ @F will print the city, a space, the state, a
space, and the ZIP Code.
The ability to append fields has been added to 3by5 at the request of
users who sort 3by5 records by ZIP Code or state and want to be able to
print labels with the city, state and ZIP Code on one line.
72
PRINTING
PRINT FORM CODES
3by5 used the "@' symbol to signify a print form command. The fol-
lowing codes may be used:
@A designates that the contents for field A will be printed at the
location of the "@" symbol. The field must be specified as an
upper case letter (i.e. A - O).
@a designates that the name of the field will be printed at the
location of the "@" (i.e. a - o).
@# designates that the current record number will be printed at
the location of the "@". The "#" symbol may be followed by a
"-" sign to specify that the record number will be left justified.
A "0" (zero) designates zero filling of any blank spaces.
Finally, a digit form 1 to 9 may be used to specify the number
of spaces in the record field. The rules are those used by the
C language function printf().
@* The current file name will be printed
@. The line is a header or footer
@$ The sheet format control line. This command can appear only as
the first two characters of the first line. It must be
followed by the page length, left margin, right, top margin,
bottom margin, form parameter and pause parameter settings. For
example:
@$ 66 6 6 15 90 Y Y
Each parameter is separated by one or more spaces. The order of
the parameters is the same as that used by the Sheet Command.
In the above example, the page length is set to 66, the top
and bottom margins to 6 lines each, the left margin to column
15 and the right margin to column 90. The Form Parameter is set
to "Y" as is the pause Parameter.
@= This symbol should appear at the end of a line. It indicates
that the contents of the line are to be printed on the same
line as the form line. The text will not be adjusted in an
upward or downward direction.
@- This symbol should appear at the end of a line. It indicates
that the contents of the line should be moved up to the last
printed line of text.
73
3by5
\xxx A back slash followed by three digits is used to send a printer
code. The value of the three digits is sent to the printer. For
example, \027 is sent as 27 (the escape code).
74
PRINTING
SHEET COMMAND
Print Form >Sheet< Direct Codes Hardware Top
Set sheet margins, pause and form options
The Sheet Command is used to specify the number of lines per page, the
left, right, top and bottom margins. It also specifies whether one
record is printed per page and whether there is a pause after a page is
printed.
Press [S] to specify the Sheet Command. The following screen will
appear:
-----------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
|Page length: (1 - 999) 66 |
|Left margin: (1 - 132) 1 |
|Right margin: (1 - 132) 78 |
|Top margin: (0 - ) 6 |
|Bottom margin: (0 - ) 6 |
|Form: (Y/N) N |
|Pause: (Y/N) N |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|<Esc> Cancel <F10> save |
-----------------------------------------------------
Page len is the length of the page in lines. A standard 8.5 x 11 inch
page has 66 lines (6 lines per inch). A 3by5 card has 18 lines per
page.
LM is the left margin for printing to begin. The printer left margin
is adjusted before a record is printed. For example, if the file left
margin is 1 and the printer left margin is 10, the printer will be
spaced 10 blank spaces to the right before printing begins.
RM is the right margin of the printer. Any attempt to print past the
right margin results in a carriage return and new line feed. In most
cases if you move the left margin over 20 spaces to the right, you
should also move the right margin over 20 spaces.
TM is the number of lines the printer will leave at the top of a page
before printing records. If you specified a heading, it will be
75
3by5
printed on the second line of the page.
BM is the number of lines the printer will leave at the bottom of the
page.
FORM PARAMETER designates whether the printer will treat each record as
a separate form (page). For printing 3x5 cards or large records the
FORM parameter should be set to "Y". If you are printing references on
standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper, most likely you will want to print
several records on a page, in which case FORM should be set to "N".
PAUSE PARAMETER designates that the program will pause after each page
is printed. This will allow you to insert another sheet of paper.
Type in your new printer parameters and press enter after each value.
You may use the Up and Down Arrow keys to move form one value to
another.
When you are finished, press <F10> to save the new values. Press <Esc>
to cancel any values you have entered.
76
PRINTING
DIRECT COMMAND
Print Form Sheet >Direct< Codes Hardware Top
Type text or printer codes directly to the printer
The Direct Command allows you to type a line of text and have it
printed directly to the printer after you press <Enter>.
Codes may be inserted by using a back slash followed by three decimal
digits for the code. For example, the line "\027\071" will send codes
27 and 71 to the printer and will turn on bold printing on an IBM or
Epson dot matrix printer.
Press <Esc> when you are finished sending text or codes directly to the
printer.
77
3by5
CODES COMMAND
Print Form Sheet Direct >Codes< Hardware Top
Set printer codes for underline and bold
The Codes Command allows you to specify the printer codes for printing
bold text and for underlining. 3by5 bold and underline commands are
set for the IBM or Epson dot matrix printer. If you have another
printer, you can specify the codes that will be sent to the printer for
printing bold text and for underlining.
The 3by5 Starter Kit cannot underline or print bold.
78
PRINTING
HARDWARE COMMAND
Print Form Sheet Direct Codes >Hardware< Top
Set hardware parameters
The Printer Hardware Command is used to specify the printer port
(1 or 2) and whether a new line feed should be transmitted to the
printer after each carriage return. The default printer port is
#1 and the default end of line is to send a carriage return and
new line feed.
Press [H] for the Hardware Command. The program will display the
following:
Printer 1 New Line Feed Y
Printer number (1 - 2)
The default printer is number 1. If you want to direct printing
to port 2, just type [2].
The program will move to the New Line Feed prompt. If your printer
performs a new line feed after each carriage return, type [N] in
response to the New Line Feed prompt.
79
3by5
TOP COMMAND
Print Form Sheet Direct Codes Hardware >Top<
Set printer to top of page
The Top Command is used to direct 3by5 that you are setting the printer
to the top of a new page. It is used if the paper is not aligned
properly, if you change paper while printing, or if you abort printing
and want to start on a new page.
Press [T] and the program will prompt you:
Set printer to top of page.
Press <Enter> to continue.
Manually position the paper to the top of the page, and press <Enter>.
80
